রবিবার, ১ জানুয়ারী, ২০১২

Bangladesh-Old period



cÖvPxb Kvj
  1. wLª÷c~e© 3000 eQi Av‡MKvi F‡M¦‡`i HZ‡iq AviY¨K MÖ‡š’ e½ bv‡g †`‡ki cÖ_g D‡j­L Av‡Q| GQvov gnvfviZ, ivgvqY MÖ‡š’I e½ Rbc` D‡j­L Av‡Q|
  2. ivp , my², cyÛªy, e½ cÖf~wZ k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ cÖvPxb Kv‡j we‡kl RvwZ ev DcRvwZ †evSv‡bv nZ| ivp ej‡Z ga¨ cwðg e½, my¶ ej‡Z `w¶Y cwðg e½, cyÛªy ej‡Z DËi e½, e½ (dwi`cyi, XvKv, gqgbwmsn, ewikvj, evLiMÄ I cUzqvLvix) ej‡Z c~e© e½, mgZU-nwi‡Kj ej‡Z c~e©e‡½I `w¶YvÂj cÖf~wZ we‡kl we‡kl ¯’vb eySvq| GL‡bv ivp ej‡Z ga¨ cwðg e½ Ges e‡i›`ª ej‡Z DËi e½‡K (ivRkvnx, e¸ov, iscyi, w`bvRcyi) eySv‡bv nq| PÆMÖvg, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg I wm‡jU A‡ji Rbc` nwi‡Kj bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj|
  3. cÖvPxb iv‡pi ivRavbxi bvg wK wQj -  †KvUxel©
  4. cÖvPxb Rbc`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †MŠo (ivRkvnxi cwðgvsk) wQj me©vwaK mycwiwPZ| cÖvPxb †MŠo bMixi Ask we‡kl evsjv‡`‡ki PvcvB beveMÄ †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
  5. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxbZg Rbc` nj cyÛªyea©b (e¸ov, iscyi, ivRkvnx I w`bvRcyi AÂj)|cÖvPxb cyÛªyea©b Rbc`wUi eZ©gvb bvg gnv¯’vbMo| GLv‡b †gŠh©hy‡Mi wkjvwjwc cvIqv †M‡Q|gnv¯’vbMo GK mgq evsjvi ivRavbx wQj ZLb Gi bvg wQj cyÛªyea©b|weL¨vZ mvaK kvn myjZvb ejwLi gvRvi gnv¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z|
  6. e½ k‡ãi DrcwË †h A‡j ÔesÕ †Mvôxi gvbyl emevm KiZ ZvivB-G bv‡g cwiwPZ| e½ ms¯‹…Z kã| es †Mvôxfy³ gvby‡li emevm wQj fvMxi_x b`xi c~e©Zxi †_‡K Avmv‡gi cwðgvÂj ch©š—|
  7. eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki Kzwgj­v I †bvqvLvbx Ask †K mgZU ejv nZ| Gi †K›`ª¯’j wQj KvgZvq|c~e© I `w¶Y c~e© e½ wQj mgZU|
  8. evsjvi c~e© I cwðg mxgv‡š— cÖvPxb I be¨ cÖ¯—ihy‡Mi Ges Zvgªhy‡Mi wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q e‡j HwZnvwmK‡Kiv g‡b K‡ib G mKj hy‡M evsjvi cveZ©¨ mxgvš— A‡jB gvbyl emevm KiZ Ges µ‡g Zviv Ab¨Î Qwo‡q c‡o|
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ev½vjx RvwZi m„wó (Avh©c~e© RvwZ †_‡K Avh©KiY)
  1. Avh©‡`i AvMg‡bi c~‡e© G‡`‡k Abvh©‡`i emevm wQj| Avh©c~e© Rb‡Mvôx g~jZ †bwMÖ‡Uv, AwóK, `ªvweo I †fvUPxbxq GB Pvi kvLvq wef³ wQj|
  2. wb‡MÖv‡`i g‡Zv †`n MVbhy³ GK Avw`g RvwZ G‡`‡k emevm KiZ hviv †bwMÖ‡Uv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
  3. cÖvq 5-6 nvRvi eQi c~‡e© AwóªK RvwZ (A‡÷ªv-GwkqvwUK) ev wblv` RvwZ B‡›`vPxb †_‡K Avmvg n‡q evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i †bwMÖ‡Uv‡`i DrLvZ K‡i| GivB †Kvj, fxg, muvIZvj, gyÛv, kei, cywj›`, gvj cvnvox, wblv` cÖf~wZ DcRvwZi c~e©cyi“l wnmv‡e wPwýZ (Avw` A‡÷ªwjq ev †fwÇW)| ev½vjx i‡³ G‡`i cÖfve i‡q‡Q|
  4. AwóªK RvwZi mgKv‡j ev wKQy c‡i cÖvq 5 nvRvi eQi c~‡e© `ªvweo RvwZ G‡`‡k Av‡m Ges mf¨Zv DbœZ e‡j AwóªK RvwZ‡K MÖvm K‡i| Aw÷ªK I `ªvweo RvwZi mswgkª‡bB m„wó n‡q‡Q Avh©c~e© ev½vjx Rb‡Mvôx| G‡`i i³aviv eZ©gvb evOvwj RvwZi g‡a¨ cÖevngvb|
  5. evsjv‡`‡k Avh©xKi‡Yi c‡iB g‡½vixq ev †fvUPxbxq †Mvôxi AvMgb N‡U e‡j evOvwji i‡³i m‡½ G‡`i wgkªY D‡j­L †hM¨ bq| evsjvi DËi I DËi-c~e© mxgv‡š— G‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ i‡q‡Q| Mv‡iv, †KvP, wÎcyiv, ivReskx, bvMv, †gP, wKivZ,wgÄvi, KzKx, AvivKvbx, PvKgv BZ¨vw` DcRvwZ GB †Mvôxfy³|
  6. Aw÷ªK-`ªvweo RvwZi wgkª‡Y †h RvwZi cÖevn PjwQj Zvi m‡½ Avh©RvwZ G‡m mshy³ n‡q M‡o Zz‡j‡Q evOvwj RvwZ|
  7. †gŠh© weRq †_‡K ¸ßes‡ki AaxKvi ch©š— (wLª÷c~e© 300 Aã †_‡K wLª÷xq 500 Aã) mg‡q †gvU AvUk eQi a‡i evsjv‡`‡k µ‡g µ‡g Avh©xKi‡Yi cvjv P‡j| Z‡e ¸ßhy‡MB Avh© fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi `„pg~j nq|
  8. wLª÷xq A÷g kZvãxi w`‡K †mgxq †Mv‡Îi Aviweqiv Bmjvg ag© cÖPvi I e¨emv-evwY‡R¨I gva¨‡g evOvwj RvwZi m‡½ mswgwkªZ nq| Zv‡`I Abymi‡Y †bwMÖ‡Uv i³evnx nvewkivI G‡`‡k Av‡m| Gfv‡e Aš— †`o nvRvi eQ‡ii Abykxjb MÖnY eR©b I iƒcvš—ixKi‡Yi gva¨‡g evOvwji Rb Rxeb M‡o D‡V|
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Avh© RvwZ: ˆew`K mf¨Zv
  1. Avh©‡`i Avw` evm¯’vb BDivj ce©‡Zi `w¶‡Y Z…Yf~wg AÂj| nv‡½ix, Aw÷ªqv, †P‡Kv‡k­vfvwKqv wb‡q Avh©‡`i Avw` evm¯’vb| Avevi Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z `w¶Y ivwkqv wQj Avh©‡`i Avw` evm¯’vb|
  2. fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k wmÜz mf¨Zvi c‡ii mf¨Zv nj Avh© mf¨Zv| Avh©iv Lªx÷c~e© 1400 ev 1500 A‡ã fvi‡Z Av‡m| Avh©iv †mwgwUK RvwZi †jvK|
  3. Avh©‡`i c~‡e© evsjvi ag©gZ m¤ú‡K© mwVK weeiY wg‡j bv|
  4. Avh©iv G‡`‡k ‰ew`K a‡g©i cÖPjb K‡i|
  5. Avh© mvwnZ¨‡K ˆew`K mvwnZ¨ ejv nq| Zv‡`i cÖvPxbZg mvwnZ¨ nj †e`| †e` ms¯‹…Z fvlvq iwPZ| ˆew`K mvwn‡Z¨i g‡a¨ FM‡e`-B me©v‡c¶v cÖvPxb|
  6. me© cÖ_g e½ †`‡ki bvg cvIqv hvq -  F‡M¦‡`i HZ‡iq AviY¨K MÖ‡š’
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‰Rb I †eŠ× ag©:
  1. wngvj‡qi `w¶‡Y kvK¨ RvZxq ¶wÎq‡`I ivRavbx Kwcjve¯‘ bM‡ii wbKUeZ©x jyw¤^bx MÖv‡g †MŠZg ey‡×I Rb¥| Zvi wcZv ï‡×vab Kwcjv e¯‘i ivRv wQ‡jb| gvZvi bvg gvqv‡`ex| Zvi evj¨ bvg wm×v_©| Zvi Av‡iK bvg kvK¨wmsn| ¯¿xi bvg h‡kvaiv, cyÎ ivûj| 16 eQ‡i weevn K‡ib|
  2. mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki mgq G‡`‡k †eŠ× a‡g©i cÖmvi N‡U| ZLb ˆRb a‡g©iI cÖPjb N‡U|

fvi‡Z cviwmK I g¨vwm‡Wvbxq Awfhvb:
  1. cvim¨ mgªvU KvBiv‡mi mgq n‡ZB cviwmK‡`i fviZ AvµgY ïi“ nq (Lªx÷c~e© 6ô kZ‡K)|
  2. Lªx÷c~e© 327 A‡ã Av‡jKRvÛvi wn›`yKzk ce©Z AwZµg K‡i fviZ AvµgY K‡ib| G mgq Z¶kxjvi ivRv wQ‡jb Aw¤¢|Aw¤¢ `~Z gvidZ Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii Kv‡Q AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi I Dc‡UvKb cvVvb|
  3. Lªx÷c~e© 326 A‡ã cyi“i mwnZ Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii wn`vw¯ú‡mi hy× (wSjvg b`xi Zx‡i) nq|hy‡× cyi“ civwRZ nq| wKš‘ Zvi we‡ivwPZ DËi I †kŠ‡h© gy» n‡q Av‡jKRvÛvi Zv‡K Zvi ivR¨ I Av‡iv K‡qKwU wewRZ ivR¨ Dcnvi †`b| GBfv‡e Zviv eÜz‡Z cwiYZ nb|
  4. cyi“ ivR¨ R‡qi ci Av‡jKRvÛvi gMa ivR¨ R‡qi Rb¨ AMÖmi nY| wKš‘ Zvi ˆmb¨iv K¬vwš—i Kvi‡Y Avi AMÖmi n‡Z PvB‡jb bv|R‰bK MÖxK `vk©wb‡Ki g‡Z gMa iv‡R¨i Amxg kw³i K_v ï‡b ˆmb¨iv fxZ nY| d‡j Av‡jKRvÛvi ¯^‡`‡ki w`‡K iIqvbv ‡`b Ges c‡_ Lªx÷c~e© 323 A‡ã 33 eQi eq‡m e¨wej‡b cÖvYZ¨vM K‡ib|
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‡gŠh© mvgªvR¨ (324-185 Lªx÷c~e©)
  1. ‡gŠh© mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôvZv P›`ª¸ß (324-300Lªx÷c~e©)| wZwb MÖxK‡`i weZvwoZ K‡ib| BnvB fviZe‡l© cÖ_g HK¨e× mvgªvR¨|
  2. ‡gŠh©hy‡Mi BwZnvm cvIqv hvq MÖxK`~Z †gMvwš’wb‡mi ÔBwÛKvÕ Ges P›`ª¸‡ßi civgk©`vZv I mvnvh¨Kvix †KŠwUj¨ (Aci bvg PvYK¨ ev weòz¸ß) iwPZ ÔA_©kv¯¿Õ †_‡K|GQvov A‡kv‡Ki wkjvwjwc †_‡K|
  3. ‡eŠ× †jLK‡`I g‡Z DËi fvi‡Zi wcàjxeb bvgK ¯’v‡b Ô†gŠh©Õ bvgK GK ¶wÎqK~‡j P›`ª¸‡ßi Rb¥| GRb¨ Zvi esk Ô‡gŠh©Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
  4. Z¶kxjvi Awaevmx †KŠwUj¨ P›`ª¸ß‡K µq K‡i Zv‡K wkw¶Z K‡ib| †KŠwUj¨ wQ‡jb eªvþY|
  5. Av‡jKRvÛvi‡K fviZ e‡l© AvnŸvb Rvbvb ZrKvjxb ivRv A¤¢x| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii wk¶K Gwi÷Uj|
  6. P›`ª¸ß Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii mwnZ mv¶vZ K‡i b›`iv‡Ri wei“‡× Awfhv‡bi Aby‡iva Rvbvb| H mgq wZwb mvaviY †jvK wQ‡jb|
  7. P›`ª¸ß ˆmb¨evwnbx M‡o b›`ivR ab›`‡K wZbev‡ii cÖ‡Póvq civwRZ K‡ib Ges gM‡ai wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib|
  8. Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g„Zz¨i ci P›`ª¸ß fviZ n‡Z MÖxK‡`i weZvwoZ K‡ib Ges gMa †_‡K AvdMvwb¯—vb ch©š— ivR¨ we¯—vi K‡ib| Zvi mwnZ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii †mbvcwZ †mwjDKm ¯^xq Kb¨v †n‡jb‡K we‡q ‡`b Zvi Kv‡Q| Ges Zvi ivRmfvq †gMvwš’wbm bvgK GK `~Z †cÖiY K‡ib|
  9. eskµg P›`ª¸ß (‰Rb) (324-300) Gi †Q‡j we›`ymvi (eªvþY,300-273) Zvi †Q‡j A‡kvK (†eŠ×, 273-232) Zvi cyÎ Kzbvj Zvi cyÎ `ki_ I m¤cÖwZ (e„n`ª_)|
  10. Dˇii wngvjq n‡Z `w¶Y gnxk~i Ges cwð‡g Avie mvMi n‡Z c~‡e© eªþcyÎ ch©š— A‡kv‡Ki mvgªvR¨ we¯Z…Z wQj| Kwj½ (eZ©gvb Dwol¨v I gv`ªv‡Ri Ask we‡kl) hy‡×i envenZv †`‡L wZwb †eŠ×ag© MÖnY K‡ib Ges Avi ivR¨ weR‡qi e¨vcv‡i AMÖmi nbwb| A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kvj Rvbvi †kªô Dcv`vb Zvi wkjvwjwc| wZwb ˆÎevwl©K I cÂevwl©Kx cwiµgv †bb| A‡kvK kvmb e¨e¯’v †`Lvïbvi Rb¨ ag©gnvgvÎ I ivRyK bv‡g Kg©Pvix wbhy³ K‡ib| A‡kvK ivR KvR msµvš— mg¯— †jLv eªvþxwjwc‡Z msi¶Y Ki‡Zb|
  11. mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki g„Zz¨I ci wewfbœ iv‡R¨ we‡`ªvn †`Lv †`h| GQvov Zvi DËik~ixiv AbychyKZ& _vKvq †QvU †QvU iv‡R¨ fvM nq|
  12. ‡gŠh© es‡ki †kl mgªvU wQ‡jb e„n`ª_| wZwb Zvi †mbvcwZ KZ©„K 187 Lªx÷c~e©v‡ã wbnZ nb|
  13. ‡gvh© I ¸ß es‡ki ivRavbx †Kv_vq wQj -  †MŠo/gnv¯’vbMo
  14. ‡gŠh©hy‡M evsjvi kvmb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© mwVK weeiY cvIqv hvq bv|
  15. ‡gŠh©hy‡M evsjvi cÖv‡`wkK ivRavbx wQj cyÛªybM‡i|
  16. e‡i›`ª Rbc` †gŠh©mvgªv‡R¨i wfZ‡i wQj|
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KzlvY mvgªvR¨
  1. ‡gŠh© hy‡Mi ci we‡`kx †jvK Øviv KzlvY mvgªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| GB es‡ki AwaKvskB †eŠ×ag©vj¤^x| KzlvY mgªvU‡`i g‡a¨ me©‡kªô wQ‡jb KwY¼| KzlvYiv MvÜvi wkí cÖwZôv K‡ib|

¸ß mvgªvR¨
  1. ‡gŠh© mvgªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi ci cÖvq cuvP kZvãx ch©š— DËi fvi‡Z †Kvb ivR kw³ wQj bv| PZz_© kZvãx‡Z ¸ß es‡ki DÌvb N‡U|
  2. cÖ_g wn›`y mvgªvR¨| ¸ß es‡ki cÖwZôvZv kªx¸ß| wZwb gnvivR Dcvwa e¨envi Ki‡Zb| m¤^fZ wZwb gM‡a¨i (e½ †`‡ki) †Kvb GKwU ¶z`ªvs‡ki ivRv wQ‡jb|
  3. kªx¸‡ßi cyÎ N‡UvrKP Zvi cyÎ cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß (320-333 mvj)| wZwb gnvivRvwivR Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| mvaviYZ Zv‡K ¸ß mgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôvZv ejv nq|
  4. mgy`ª¸ß (340-380) cÖ_g P›`ª¸‡ßi cyÎ| wZwb ¸ß es‡ki †kªô ivRv wQ‡jb| Zvi wØwM¦R‡qi Rb¨ HwZnvwmKMY Zv‡K fviZxq †b‡cvwjqb bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
  5. `fvK (m¤^fZ XvKv-mwVK wbY©q nq bvB)
  6. wØZxq P›`ª¸ß (380-415) mgy`ª¸‡ßi cyÎ| wZwb weµgvw`Z¨ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi ivRZ¡ Kvj Rvbvi R‡b¨ eû wjwc I gy`ªv Av‡Q| wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡j Pxb‡`kxq ch©UK dv-wn‡qb fvi‡Z Av‡mb (401-410)| exi‡mb bvgK cÖL¨vZ Kwe Zvi gš¿x wQ‡jb| Kwe Kvwj`vm Zvi mfvKwe wQ‡jb| P›`ª¸ß bei‡Zœi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb|
  7. wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi cyÎ cÖ_g Kzgvi¸ß g‡n›`ªvw`Z¨ (415-455mvj) Zvi cyÎ ¯‹›`¸ß weµgvw`Z¨ (455-467mvj)|
  8. ¯‹›`¸ß wQ‡jb ¸ß es‡ki me©‡kl kw³kvjx mgªvU| Zvi Avg‡j ga¨ Gwkqv n‡Z ÔûbÕ bvgK GK kw³kvjx RvwZ ¸ß mvgªvR¨ AvµgY K‡ib| Aek¨ wZwb Zv‡`i‡K civwRZ K‡ib| ¯‹›`¸‡ßi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi cieZ©x kvmKMY †hvM¨ bv nIqvq Av‡¯— Av‡¯— ¸ß mvgªvR¨ `ye©j n‡q c‡o|
  9. ¸ß hy‡M G‡`‡k eªvþY¨ I Zvwš¿K gZev‡`i e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U| Aóg kZK †_‡K ˆeòe a‡g©i m¤cÖmviY N‡U| ¸ß hy‡M ˆke a‡g©i cÖPjb wQj|
  10. ¸ßhy‡M evsjvi kvmb c×wZi m¤ú‡K© my¯úó weeiY Av‡Q| evsjvi wKQyUv Ask ¸ß kvmK‡`i Aax‡b wQj| evKxUv wQj mvgš— ivRv‡`i kvmbvaxb|
  11. ¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi mgq gM‡a ¸ß esk wQj| GB ¸ß es‡ki mwnZ c~‡e©i ¸ß es‡ki wgj wQj wKbv Rvbv hvqwb| hvnvB †nvK cieZ©x ¸ß es‡ki cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb K…ò¸ß (510mvj)|

cieZ©x ¸ß esk
  1. ¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi ci 6ô kZvãx‡Z cieZ©x ¸ß esk bv‡g cwiwPZ GKwU bZzb ivRes‡ki DÌvb nq| †MŠo ZLb GB ivReskx ivRv‡`i Aaxb wQj|


‡MŠo esk
  1. ¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi ci †h mKj ¯^vaxb ivR¨ M‡o D‡V Zvi g‡a¨ †MŠo ivR¨ wQj Ab¨Zg| GB iv‡R¨i me©v‡c¶v kw³kvjx ivRv wQ‡jb kkv¼| 619 mv‡jI kkv¼ ¶gZvq wQ‡jb|wZwb nl©ea©‡bi mgmvgwqK| kkv¼ wQ‡jb †eŠ× a‡g©i wbMÖnKvix|606 mv‡j Av‡ivnY|
  2. cÖvPxb Rbc` ¸‡jv‡K me©cÖ_g GKwÎZ K‡ib -  ivRv kkv¼
  3. ‡gvLix I cieZ©x ¸ß ivRes‡ki g‡a¨ msN‡l© Df‡q `ye©j n‡q co‡j 7g kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K kkv¼ †MŠo `Lj K‡i †bb|cwð‡g gMa Ges c~‡e© e½I Zvi AwaKvify³ nq e‡j HwZnvwmKMY g‡b K‡ib|
  4. cÖvPxb evsjv †Kvb kvmK me©cÖ_g cÖvPxb Rbc`¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡ib -  ivRv kkv¼
  5. ivRv kkv‡¼i ivRavbx wQj gywk©`vev` †Rjvi Aš—M©Z KY©myeY©| 606 mv‡ji Av‡MB wZwb GKwU ¯^vaxb iv‡R¨i cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Avg„Zz¨ gMa ivR¨ kvmb K‡ib|
  6. †Kvb mg‡q kkv¼ †MŠ‡oi ivRv wQ‡jb -  7g kZ‡K
  7. kkv‡¼i mgq K‡YŠ‡Ri ivRv wQ‡jb †`e¸ß| wZwb kkv‡¼i wgÎ wQ‡jb|

_v‡bk¦i (c~e© cvÂv‡e Aew¯’Z)
  1. nl©ea©‡bi es‡ki bvg cyl¨f~wg| wZwb †eŠ× a‡g©i cÖwZ AbyivMx wQ‡jb|
  2. nl©ea©b (606-647 mvj) Gi åvZv ivR¨ea©b‡K kkv¼ nZ¨v K‡ib|
  3. nl©ea©b Zvi fwMœcwZi ivR¨ K‡YŠRI kvmb Ki‡Zb| Ges _v‡bk¦i n‡Z K‡YŠ‡R ivRavbx ¯’vbvš—i K‡ib| kkv‡¼i g„Zz¨i ci 637 mv‡j nl©ea©b gM‡a Zvi ivR¨ we¯—vi K‡ib| nl©ea©‡bi mvgªvR¨¸‡jv nj _v‡bk¦I, K‡bŠR, cvÄve, DËi cÖ‡`k, wenvi, cwðge½, Dwol¨v|
  4. nl©ea©b evYfÆ, gq~i fÆ cÖg~L KweM‡Yi c„m&V‡cvlKZv K‡ib| wZwb wb‡RB myKwe wQ‡jb| iZœvejx, bvMb›`v cÖf~wZ Zvi ms¯‹…Z MÖš’|
  5. Pxbv cwieªvRK wnD‡qb mvs 630-645 mv‡j fvi‡Z wQ‡jb| evsjvq AvMgb 638mv‡j|
  6. bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq cvUbv †Rjvq Aew¯’Z eiMuvI bvgK ¯’v‡b|
  7. nl©ea©b AcyÎK wQ‡jb| Zvi g„Zz¨i ci mgMÖ DËi fviZ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª iv‡R¨ cwiYZ nq|

cvjesk (750-1175)
  1. kkv‡¼I g„Zz¨I ci Zvi `ye©j DËivwaKvixM‡bi g‡a¨ AvZ¥Kjn, A‰bK¨ I ewnivµg‡Yi d‡j kZel©e¨vcx (650-750) mgMÖ e½‡`‡k Mfxi AivRKZv I wek„•Ljv weivRgvb wQj| Z`vbxš—b e‡½I GB AivRKZv cwiw¯’wZ‡K Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ e‡j eY©bv Kiv nq| GB Ae¯’vq †`‡ki †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³MY †Mvcvj bvgK GK e¨w³‡K ivRv wbe©vwPZ K‡ib| †Mvcvj (750-770) Gi cÖwZwôZ eskB cvj esk| wZwb wQ‡jb †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x ¶wÎq|
  2. ‡Mvcv‡ji g„Zz¨i ci Zvi cyÎ ag©cvj (770-810) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib| Zvi mg‡q cvnvocyi I †mvgcyi †eŠ× wenvi wbwg©Z nq|
  3. ag©cv‡ji cyÎ †`ecvj (810-850 mvj) GB es‡ki me©v‡c¶v ¶gZvkvjx ivRv wQ‡jb|
  4. ‡`ecv‡ji DËivwaKvix‡`I `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M cvj mvgªvR¨ `ye©j n‡q c‡o| Øv`k kZvãx‡Z †mb eskx ivRv weRq †mb cvjw`M‡K weZvwoZ K‡I DËi e½ Rq K‡ib|
  5. cvj esk KZ eQi hveZ ivRZ¡ K‡i -  cÖvq 400 eQi
  6. ‡Kvb cvj ivRvi ivRZ¡‡K evOvwj Rxe‡bi mycÖfvZ ejv nq -  ag©cvj
  7. cvj ivRv‡`i Avg‡j †eŠ× ag© cybivq e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i| cvj hy‡Mi ci †eŠ× ag© G‡`‡k mnwRqv ag©iƒ‡c RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V|

‡mb Avgj
  1. G‡`i Avw`f~wg `w¶Yv‡Z¨i KY©vUK| †mLv‡b Zviv eªvþY wQ‡jb, Kvjµ‡g Zviv ¶wÎq e„wË MÖnY K‡ib| Zviv cv †`I Aax‡b PvKwi K‡ib| cvj‡`I `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M GKv`k kZvãx‡Z mvgš— †mb (1050-1074mvj) Ges Zvi cyÎ †ngš—‡mb (1074-1097) cwðge‡½ GKwU ¶z`ª ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
  2. †ngš— †m‡bi ci Zvi cyÎ weRq‡mb (1095-1158) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb †mb es‡ki cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv| XvKv †Rjvi weµgcy‡i (ivgcvj) Zvi wØZxq ivRavbx wQj|
  3. weRq‡m‡bi g„Zz¨I ci Zvi cyÎ ej­vj †mb (1158-1179) evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| XvKvi cÖ_g gw›`i Xv‡Kk¦ix gw›`i -   ej­vj †mb KZ©©„K wbwg©Z| wZwb A™¢~Z mvMi, `vb mvMi MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| †KŠwjb¨ cÖ_vi cÖeZ©K wQ‡jb wZwb|
  4. ej­vj‡m‡bi ci Zvi cyÎ j¶Y †mb (1179-1205) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| eZ©gvb gvj`n †Rjvi †MŠo wQj Zvi cÖavb ivRavbx| Bnvi Aci bvg wQj j¶YveZx| beØxc ev b`xqvq wØZxq ivRavbx cÖwZôv K‡ib Ges Zvi ivRwbevm wQj b`xqvq| weL¨vZ cwÛZ njvq~` Zvi cÖavbgš¿x I ag©va¨¶ wQ‡jb|1205 mv‡j wZwb gviv hvb| Zvi cyÎ wek¦iƒc †mb (1206-1226) I †Kke †mb (1226-1230) XvKvi weµgcy‡i ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e ivRZ¡ K‡ib| j¶Y †m‡bi Avg‡j dwi`cyi, XvKv, gqgbwmsn wQj e½| ‡mb es‡ki me©‡kl ivRv wQ‡jb j¶Y †mb| wZwb evsjvi †kl wn›`y ivRvI wQ‡jb| j¶Y †m‡bi mg‡q eLwZqvi LjRx e½ weRq K‡ib|Kwe Rq‡`e (MxZ‡Mvwe›` Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib) j¶Y‡m‡bi Ab¨Zg mfvKwe wQ‡jb|
  5. ‡mb Avg‡j †cŠiwYK wn›`y ag© cÖejiƒc avib K‡i| †mb esk wQj e½‡`‡ki me©‡kl ¯^vaxb wn›`yesk|
  6. k~jcvwY †mb ivRZ¡ Kv‡ji GKRb †kªô wkíx wQ‡jb|
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